The smallest microplastics, called nanoplastics, are small enough to penetrate cell membranes. These could interfere with cellular functions, potentially causing cellular stress and inflammation. This is linked to diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and autoimmune disorders.
Published Nov 03, 2024 | 7:00 AM ⚊ Updated Nov 03, 2024 | 7:00 AM
A plastic waste filled waterbody in Kerala
A recent study has revealed alarming levels of microplastic pollution in the Azhikkal estuary, a significant marine ecosystem in Kerala’s Kannur district, where the Valapattanam River empties into the Arabian Sea.
Microplastics in marine environments present a growing health risk for humans too, as they accumulate in the food chain, infiltrating seafood and the water we drink.
This is the first time that a local body in the state has initiated a study on microplastics in seawater.
The Kannur block panchayat carried out the study with the help of researchers from the Manipal Academy of Higher Education and the Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies.
The study – ‘Analysis of Microplastics in the Estuary Lying Along the Coastal Belt of the Arabian Sea’ – was published in Science Direct’s ‘Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering’.
The study identified a diverse range of microplastic debris, including fragments, fibers, sheets, beads, and foam. These tiny plastic particles, often invisible to the naked eye, pose a serious threat to marine life.
The researchers observed that microplastic fragments and fibers dominate the pollution landscape here, with the most common plastic types identified as polystyrene (38%), polysulfone (5%), polypropylene (1%), and polyethylene terephthalate (1%).
These materials are prevalent in consumer products and industrial waste, which flow into the estuary from the river, through sediment accumulation.
As plastic particles settle in the estuarine waters, they create a persistent pollution layer that disrupts the estuary’s natural dynamics.
One of the researchers who undertook the study, M K Satheesh Kumar, a faculty member at the Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, told South First: “This spike in microplastic pollution correlates with the ongoing construction and dredging associated with Azhikkal seaport development near the estuary. The dredging operations, essential to creating a navigable port, have disturbed the seabed, displacing and redistributing plastic debris accumulated over time. These tiny particles are now spreading throughout the estuary, increasing the likelihood of ingestion by marine organisms that rely on the ecosystem.”
Azhikkal’s strategic location on the Arabian Sea coast near the Valapattanam river mouth has made it a prime site for national maritime projects.
However, this proximity to industrial and population centers has intensified environmental strain.
With a population density of around 2,590 individuals per square kilometre, the estuary and adjacent marine areas are exposed to an ever-growing influx of pollutants.
The seaport project, while vital for economic progress, faces the challenge of balancing industrial advancement with ecological responsibility.
According to Satheesh Kumar, as a coastal state, Kerala is particularly vulnerable to marine pollution, and the government and local authorities must prioritise environmental conservation and sustainable development to protect the delicate balance of coastal ecosystems.
The study documented a diverse array of plastic debris — ranging from foam and beads to fragments and sheets.
This high density of plastic waste is attributed to the nearby population density and commercial activities, particularly those related to fishing and industrial operations in the vicinity.
The busy fishing harbour, which supports approximately 300 fishing vessels, is just one element of an area bustling with human activity.
In addition, nearby industrial units, such as the ship-breaking unit of the Steel Industries of Kerala Limited (SILK) and the Indian Naval Academy at Ezhimala, exacerbate pollution levels with industrial runoff and waste.
Another area of concern is the pigments found in the plastic fragments, such as copper phthalocyanine and indigo blue, known for their toxicological effects.
As marine animals ingest these particles, the chemicals may bioaccumulate, climbing up the food chain and ultimately posing a risk to human health.
According to KC Jisha, president, Kannur Block panchayat, the study warns of microplastic particles that could trigger severe health issues, including cancer and respiratory diseases.
“Analysis of seawater samples from these areas revealed microplastic concentrations as high as 2,640 particles per litre. A majority of these particles were found to be nylon polyester fibers and plastic paints, the latter linked to high oxidation that could aggravate lung damage, liver enzyme disruptions, and even hinder fetal development,” Jisha told South First.
Satheesh Kumar explained that microplastics damage not only the lungs but also accumulate in vital organs like the liver, impacting enzyme production and leading to various illnesses.
“Plastic particles enter the human body mainly through food, and water. An average of 52,000 microplastic particles enter the body every year, with the potential to harbour bacteria and viruses, exacerbating their health impacts,” he said.
Jisha said the study would serve to plan action. “In response to these findings, the Kannur block panchayat is mobilising a comprehensive action plan aimed at reducing plastic use and raising public awareness about the dangers of microplastic exposure,” Jisha said.
“Initial steps include awareness seminars, school campaigns, and programmes to educate the public on reducing plastic-related products. The block panchayath aims to support new manufacturing initiatives to create alternatives to plastic.”
Jisha explained that the report highlights how everyday household items — plastic kitchen boards, well pulleys with nylon ropes, and even products like dishwashing soaps and lipstick —contribute to the entry of microplastics into human bodies.
The findings underscore the extent to which microplastics have infiltrated daily life, posing a profound and under-recognised threat.
She said the local body would soon release a handbook to sensitise people to the health impacts of microplastics so that they are encouraged to abandon the use of plastic.
“The study has highlighted pressing issues. We need targeted plans to prevent microplastics from contaminating our environment and entering our bodies. We will consult experts to devise actionable solutions,” Jisha said.
The World Health Organisation has shown that microplastic in the environment is a contaminant and a matter of intense public concern.
Microplastics are not only made of synthetic polymers but also often contain additives like phthalates, flame retardants, and heavy metals (like lead or cadmium) used in plastic manufacturing. Once these break down, the chemicals are released, and these are known to have toxic effects on human health. Hormone regulation, immune function, and organ health can all be adversely impacted.
An official of the state health department said, “There are studies that show microplastics can cause inflammation in human tissues and damage cells. The smallest microplastics, called nanoplastics, are small enough to penetrate cell membranes. These could interfere with cellular functions, potentially causing cellular stress and inflammation. This is linked to diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and autoimmune disorders.”
The official warned that the cumulative effect of consuming, inhaling, and absorbing microplastics over a lifetime could pose significant health risks. These risks could be heightened in those consuming seafood with high microplastic pollution.
(Edited by Rosamma Thomas).
