Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, in collaboration with AIIMS Rishikesh, have developed an algorithm that can help decode brain scans to identify the occurrence and type of epilepsy.
A patent has been filed for the work and the algorithm is being tested further for its reliability by physicians at AIIMS Rishikesh.
Epilepsy is a neurological disease where the brain emits sudden bursts of electrical signals in a short amount of time, resulting in seizures, fits and, in extreme cases, death.
Based on the point of origin of the brain’s erratic signals, epilepsy is classified as either focal or generalised epilepsy. Focal epilepsy occurs when the erratic signals are confined to a specific region in the brain. If the signals are at random locations, it is called generalised epilepsy.
What the algorithm does
“To identify whether a patient is epileptic, neurophysiologists need to manually inspect EEGs (electroencephalograms) which can capture such erratic signals. Visual inspection of EEG can become tiring after prolonged periods, and may occasionally lead to errors,” said Hardik J Pandya, an author of the study and assistant professor at the Department of Electronic Systems Engineering (DESE) at IISc.
The study has been published in the journal Biomedical Signal Processing and Control.
“The research aims to differentiate EEG of normal subjects from epileptic EEGs. Additionally, the developed algorithm attempts to identify the types of seizures. Our work is to help neurologists make an efficient and quick automated screening and diagnosis,” he added in a statement.
In their study, the team reported a novel algorithm that can sift through EEG data and identify signatures of epilepsy from the electrical signal patterns.
How the study was done
After initial training, the researchers said that the algorithm could detect whether a human subject could have epilepsy or not — based on these patterns in their respective analyses — with a high degree of accuracy.
The researchers first examined EEG data from 88 human subjects at AIIMS Rishikesh to develop and train the algorithm.
Each subject underwent a 45-minute EEG test, divided into two parts: An initial 10-minute test when the subject was awake, which included photic stimulation and hyperventilation, followed by a 35-minute sleep period test.
Next, the team analysed this data and classified different wave patterns into sharp signals, spikes, and slow waves.
Spikes are patterns where a signal rises and falls within a very short duration of time (approximately 70 milliseconds), while sharps are those with rises and falls spread over a slightly longer duration (approximately 250 milliseconds), and slow waves have a much longer duration (approximately 400 milliseconds).
An epileptic subject shows a different set of patterns compared to a healthy individual. The researchers developed an algorithm to calculate the total number of sharp waves — the Cumulative Sharp Count — and used this as a parameter to detect if the subject is epileptic or not (a higher value indicating a greater chance that the subject is epileptic).
The algorithm also calculates the sum of areas under the spikes and sharp curves to distinguish between focal and generalised epilepsy (a greater value indicating generalised epilepsy, as opposed to focal epilepsy, which has a lower value).
Tested against actual diagnosis
The researchers added that the study shows a way to identify absence seizures (those that involve a brief, sudden lapse of consciousness), using a Cumulative Spike-Wave Count; in some cases, these absence seizures are critical and can be fatal.
The team then ran their algorithm on a new set of EEG data from subjects for whom the classification (whether they had epilepsy, and if so, what type of epilepsy they had) was already known to the doctors.
This blind validation study successfully classified the subjects accurately in nearly 91 percent of the cases.
“We hope to refine this further by testing on more data to consider more variabilities of human EEGs until we reach the point where this becomes completely translational and robust,” said Rathin K Joshi, a PhD student in DESE and first author of the study.
